Recent Advances in Material Innovation and Efficiency Enhancement for Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

Abstract

Two-terminal and four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells harness the absorption and electronic properties of metal-halide perovskites and crystalline silicon to surpass the single-junction PV limit imposed by the Shockley–Queisser limit. In this context, recent material innovations, interface design schemes, fabrication strategies, and stability improvements will be discussed to meet the rush efficiency uplift. The indicated focus directions are the mixed-cation and mixed-halide perovskite compositions, the defect passivation strategy, the improvement of the charge transport layer, and scalable material deposition techniques, including blade coating/slot-die printing/vapor-assisted process. Additionally, we will investigate the impact of not only structural and electronic factors but also interface recombination, optical manipulation in current generation, and matching issues, even for monolithic tandem devices. Encapsulation, followed by Pb reduction and consideration of operational and environmental factors, will then be cited as essential for achieving industry-ready long-term durability. Been will also present the years 2023-2025, when discovery (using machine-learning to search for novel materials), better encapsulation stability, and roll-to-roll manufacturing provide potential paths to commercialization. It also addresses these cross-cutting advances in technology, concluding that the PSC/c-Si tandem has reached a critical paradigm shift, which combines the best of both worlds, where state-of-the-art performance and commercial producibility intersect, closing the gap between scientific laboratory bench-top prototypes and rapid industrial PV platforms.