Tumor microenvironment information transfer mechanism and diagnosis and treatment applications based on extracellular vesicles (EVs)

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as key mediators of cell-to-cell communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME), regulating tumor progression, immune evasion, and metastasis by delivering bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. In this paper, we systematically analyze the biogenesis mechanism, microenvironment regulatory network, and clinical transformation prospect of EVs, and lay a theoretical foundation for the development of new cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies.